Priapism is common urologic emergency that may lead to permanent erectile dysfunction. It is frequently idiopathic in etiology, but there is a known complication of pharmacologic agents such as intracavernosal agents, antihypertensives, and anticoagulants. Polysaccharide sulfate (PPS) is a new type of heparinoid drugs that extracted from phylum phaeophyta with function of anticoagulant, antilipemics, and improvement of microcirculation. PPS-induced priapism is a kind of serious side effects and is rising. General practitioners and traditional Chinese doctors should learn about the serious complication and all patients with PPS should be warned about of erectile dysfunction. Patients presenting with priapism deserve special counseling, beginning with the first episode of priapism. Patients must understand that a poor outcome is possible despite appropriate and timely management.

We report a 76-year-old man who was diagnosed with bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy and elevated level of angiotensin-converting enzyme 3 years ago, and uveitis 2 years ago. He was performed lithotripsy for bilateral urinary tract calculi 1 year ago and referred to our department for chronic kidney disease. After then, urinary tract calculi relapsed and lithotripsy was performed 5 times and the level of adjusted calcium maintained from 10 to 12 mg/dL. In 2014, the level of creatinine (Cr) increased gradually, and abdominal computed tomography showed as many as 19 urinary tract calculi. We diagnosed this case as sarcoidosis clinically. The frequent recurrence of urinary tract calculi seemed to be caused by hypercalcemia derived from sarcoidosis, so we treated hypercalcemia by prednisolone 30 mg/day. Then the level of calcium and Cr improved rapidly. We should take the probability of sarcoidosis into consideration for the frequent recurrence of urinary tract calculi and hypercalcemia.

We report a case of an isoniazid-induced cerebellitis and psychosis in chronic kidney disease patient with tubercular pleural effusion recovered after reducing the dose of isoniazid. This case is being reported from the National Institute of Medical Sciences, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India.

Peyronie's disease (PD) is an acquired fibrotic disease of the penile tunica albuginea accompanied by penile pain, curvature, erectile dysfunction, and psychosocial problems. Recent evidence suggests an increasing prevalence of PD with current uncertainty of its etiology and pathophysiology. According to the natural history of PD, the disease can be divided into acute phase and fibrotic phase that greatly determines the treatment plan. Oral, intralesional medication, and topical therapy are suitable for acute phase while surgical therapy is suggested only in fibrotic phase with the formation of stable plaques. Although a number of pharmacologic agents have been evaluated in preclinical and clinical studies, a few of them can be used in the clinic with satisfactory outcome. Recent studies showed promising results in improving symptoms and limiting disease progression, especially the only Food and Drug Administration-approved collagenase Clostridium histolyticum as well as some multimodal therapies. In this study, we reviewed currently available medications and focused on recent advances in PD pharmacotherapy. However, further high-quality studies are much needed to clarify the pathogenesis of PD and, more importantly, to find out effective and safe medicines for PD treatment.

Pregnancy with chronic kidney disease carries substantial risk to the mother and the baby. Incidence of women becoming pregnant while having chronic kidney disease is increasing. The major risk to the mother is development of preeclampsia which may be hard to diagnose in patients with chronic kidney disease. Depending on the kidney function, women may also be at risk of decline in their kidney function. The major risk to baby is prematurity. The renal physiological changes that occur with pregnancy are quite profound and normal values of blood pressure, electrolytes and parameters to monitor kidney function are different then in non-pregnant state. Counselling these women about pregnancy and managing them through pregnancy remains a challenge. This review discusses the physiological changes that occur during pregnancy, risks of pregnancy with CKD and management of CKD during pregnancy.

Proteinuria is the hallmark of nephrotic syndrome and a surrogate of progression of renal disease and a risk factor of cardiovascular morbidity. Once proteinuria occurs secondary to glomerular damage, its reabsorption at the proximal tubule causes a constant interstitial inflammation that will eventually lead to a graduate loss of kidney function due to fibrosis, ischemia and tubular atrophy. The plasminogen-plasmin system plays a local critical role in amplifying podocyte damage, deepening the generation of edema, cross-linking inflammatory components at the interstitium and determining the terminal fibrotic processes. Plasmin activity also causes inflammation through the complement system. The interaction between the complement and the plasminogen-plasmin systems is critical in the progression of interstitial inflammation. Plasmin is capable of cleaving C3 and C5 components of the complement system. Moreover, C3a and C5a fractions are chemoattractants of neutrophils and monocytes. The complement system is also involved in microvascular thrombosis contributing to glomerular sclerosis and interstitial fibrosis through ischemic processes. A regulator of plasmin activity is plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, a leading molecule involved in fibrosis and sclerosis, particularly augmented in glomerulopathies. Unraveling the interactions between the plasminogen-plasmin and complement systems will undoubtedly lead to more specific therapies for glomerular diseases.

Objective: The article outlines informational content of the methods used for treatment and diagnostic algorithm development for patients with different types of penile deformations. Materials and Methods: For last 10 years there 189 patients with penile deviations were examined and treated. For diagnostic we used questionnaires, US with Doppler, MRI and CT. According to erectile function, presence of inflammation in plaque methods of treatment (surgical or conservative) was chose. Results: Positive results were observed in 94% of patients after Nesbit operations (corporoplication) and in 82% of patients after corporoplastic. Effectiveness conservative treatment was about 70%. Conclusions: Pre-surgery examination of patients with penile curvature and any type of deformation must comprise ultrasound and pharmacodopplerography along with the medical history and physical examination. In controversial clinical cases in order to prove or discard possible inflammatory peri-process it is necessary to conduct MRI.