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EDITORIAL
Year : 2014  |  Volume : 1  |  Issue : 2  |  Page : 51-52

Glomerular Capillary Endothelial Injury in Diabetic Nephropathy


Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China

Date of Web Publication27-Oct-2014

Correspondence Address:
Niansong Wang
Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai - 200 233
China
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Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None


DOI: 10.4103/2225-1243.143371

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How to cite this article:
Gui D, Wang N. Glomerular Capillary Endothelial Injury in Diabetic Nephropathy. J Integr Nephrol Androl 2014;1:51-2

How to cite this URL:
Gui D, Wang N. Glomerular Capillary Endothelial Injury in Diabetic Nephropathy. J Integr Nephrol Androl [serial online] 2014 [cited 2024 Mar 28];1:51-2. Available from: http://www.journal-ina.com/text.asp?2014/1/2/51/143371

In the first issue of the Journal of Integrative Nephrology and Andrology, Huang et al.[1] investigated the changes in the level of adiponectin (ADPN) and CD146 in serum in patients with type 2 diabetic nephropathy (DN) and found that serum ADPN and CD146 may protect against vascular endothelial dysfunction in DN. This is an important and interesting topic. Given the important role the endothelium plays in both the development and the progression of DN, further study needs to be performed to develop effective strategies that prevent its loss or promote its regeneration. Such advances may not only improve tissue oxygenation and reduce fibrosis, but also improve long-term renal function. Thus, we will further discuss the important role of glomerular capillary endothelial dysfunction in the pathogenesis and progression of DN.

Increasing evidence indicates that hyperglycemia-mediated endothelial injury may predispose to albuminuria in diabetes through direct effects and interaction with podocytes. In 1989, Jensen et al.[2],[3] first reported that endothelial injury was present in patients with incipient type 1 diabetes and endothelial function was more obviously impaired in overt nephropathy patients than those incipient nephropathy patients. It is now clear that the endothelium plays an important part of the glomerular barrier and epithelial dysfunction plays a pivotal role in the development of DN. [4] Glomerular endothelial cell (GEnC) fenestrations are specialized for their important role as a prerequisite for filtration across the glomerular capillary wall. Glomerular filtration rate is dependent on the fractional area of the fenestrations and GEnC fenestrations play a critical role in restriction of protein loss. Hence, dysregulation of GEnC fenestrations may be related to both renal fuction loss and proteinuria. However, their important role in the glomerular filtration barrier has not received full attention. In the renal microcirculation, both arterioles and GEnCs have been implicated as targets of hyperglycemia-induced injury. Both hyperglycemia per se and the metabolic consequences of high glucose are thought to cause endothelial cell dysfunction. The impaired GEnCs may then function as active signal transducers of metabolic, hemodynamic and inflammatory factors that modify the function and morphology of the vessel wall and interact with neighboring cells, which may activate a cascade of proliferative and inflammatory responses in the development of DN. It has been reported that high glucose could cause activation of the local renin-angiotensin system in GEnCs. [5] In vivo study further demonstrated that injury to the glomerular endothelial surface layer might play an important role in the pathogenesis of albuminuria in rats with early-stage diabetes. [6] Huang et al.[1] suggest that ADPN is an important marker of endothelial cell injury in individuals with DN. The low level of serum ADPN may affect endothelial dysfunction in DN. Therefore, glomerular capillary endothelial dysfunction plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis and development of DN.

Moreover, GEnC can interact with neighboring podocytes. A previous study confirmed the important role of podocyte detachment and diminished endothelial cell fenestration in the development and progression of kidney disease in type 2 diabetes. [7] Krüppel-like factor 2 (KLF2) was reported to play an important role in GEnC injury in the early stage of DN and podocyte injury was more severe in diabetic knockout compared with diabetic wild-type mice, indicating a crosstalk between GEnC and podocytes. [8] A recent study demonstrated that the combined effects of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) deficiency and hyperglycemia induced podocyte injury, indicating the important role of communication between endothelial cells and podocytes in diabetes. [9]

Based on the above-mentioned studies, further study is required to investigate the podocyte/glomerular basement membrane (GBM) adherence and podocyte/endothelial cell functional interactions in DN, which may provide a potential new therapeutic option for the treatment of DN.

 
  References Top

1.
Huang J, Yu Q, Chen S. Level changes of adiponectin and CD146 in serum in Type 2 diabetic nephropathy. J Integr Nephrol Androl 2014;1:33-7.  Back to cited text no. 1
  Medknow Journal  
2.
Jensen T. Increased plasma concentration of von Willebrand factor in insulin dependent diabetics with incipient nephropathy. BMJ 1989;298:27-8.  Back to cited text no. 2
[PUBMED]    
3.
Jensen T, Bjerre-Knudsen J, Feldt-Rasmussen B, Deckert T. Features of endothelial dysfunction in early diabetic nephropathy. Lancet 1989;1:461-3.  Back to cited text no. 3
    
4.
Reidy K, Kang HM, Hostetter T, Susztak K. Molecular mechanisms of diabetic kidney disease. J Clin Invest 2014;124:2333-40.  Back to cited text no. 4
[PUBMED]    
5.
Peng H, Xing YF, Ye ZC, Li CM, Luo PL, Li M, et al. High glucose induces activation of the local reninangiotensin system in glomerular endothelial cells. Mol Med Rep 2014; 9:450-6.  Back to cited text no. 5
    
6.
Zhang C, Meng Y, Liu Q, Xuan M, Zhang L, Deng B, et al. Injury to the endothelial surface layer induces glomerular hyperfiltration rats with early-stage diabetes. J Diabetes Res 2014;2014:953740.  Back to cited text no. 6
    
7.
Weil EJ, Lemley KV, Mason CC, Yee B, Jones LI, Blouch K, et al. Podocyte detachment and reduced glomerular capillary endothelial fenestration promote kidney disease in type 2 diabetic nephropathy. Kidney Int 2012;82:1010-7.  Back to cited text no. 7
    
8.
Zhong F, Chen H, Wei C, Zhang W, Li Z, Jain MK, et al. Reduced Krüppel-like factor 2 expression may aggravate the endothelial injury of diabetic nephropathy. Kidney Int 2014 Sep 3. doi: 10.1038/ki.2014.286. [Epub ahead of print].  Back to cited text no. 8
    
9.
Yuen DA, Stead BE, Zhang Y, White KE, Kabir MG, Thai K, et al. eNOS deficiency predisposes podocytes to injury in diabetes. J Am Soc Nephrol 2012;23:1810-23.  Back to cited text no. 9
    




 

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